For the purpose of hosting volunteers with Project TEN, Sha’ar La’adam is building ecologically-friendly facilities where we will sleep, eat, and study. These facilities include ecological showers and toilets; a kitchen suitable for large numbers of people; a dining room; a complex of bedrooms (each room for 3-4 residents) with a common veranda; classrooms; and a train wagon being converted into an office. The facilities are being constructed with the goal of conserving energy, materials, and water while also providing shelter and heat, and necessities such as a refrigerator, furnishings, washing machines, etc.

Yakov Arnan

Yakov was born in 1958 and was among the founders of Kibbutz Harduf, a group of young people who strove to build a community in Israel with a new spiritual orientation. Yakov is also one of the founders of Zionism 2000, a movement for social responsibility in Israel, in which he was responsible for the educational development branch.  In the 1990’s he was one of the founders of the School for Leadership. He also co-founded the Seminary Center at Harduf as well as the Hamila Theater, where he is a director, teacher, and actor. In 2000 he founded – together with Amin Swaed and Ilse Shuur – the center Sha'ar La'Adam – Bab Lil'insan (meaning: Gate to Humanity in Hebrew and in Arabic).

Faiz Swaed

Faiz was born in 1970 in the village of Swaed-Hmeira. He is a social worker and senior staff member at the Tuvia boarding school for at-risk children and youth situated at Kibbutz Harduf. Previously he worked for six years in the Sde-Boker boarding school in the Negev. For the past seven years he has been co-manager of Sha'ar La'Adam – Bab Lil'insan together with Yaakov Arnan.

The next Project TEN groups in Kibbutz Harduf will take place on the following dates:

• October 29, 2013 - March 2, 2014
• March 10 - July 10, 2014
• Summer Track: July 15 - August 14, 2014
• August 25, 2014 - January 20, 2015
• January 27 - June 26, 2015
• Summer Track: July 1 - August 12, 2015

(Dates may change slightly; contact our staff at [email protected] for updates).

The unsubsidized cost for the Project TEN program in Kibbutz Harduf, including volunteer, social, and learning activities; transportation between the center and your volunteer placement; and subsidized food and lodging, is $3500. However, Project TEN participants in Israel (who are coming from abroad) are eligible for significant grants and scholarships from Masa Israel Journey, which can bring down your expenses to the same $10-15 per day that you would pay for any other TEN center. Israelis, too, are eligible for extremely significant program subsidies, and should speak with the TEN coordinators about your true costs.

The cost does not include your airfare to the target country, health insurance, visa fees, or vaccinations.

Upon acceptance to the program you will be given instructions to reserve your place with payment to Israel Pathways.

Financial Aid

For information about the Pay It Forward Fund, which might subsidize up to 50 percent of your costs -- with your pledge to pay back the scholarship in the next few years to provide aid to future volunteers -- please go to our cost section.

Remember, Project TEN participants in Israel are eligible for grants and scholarships from Masa Israel Journey - see above!

Harduf is part of the Jezre’el Valley Regional Council, which has about 32,000 residents living in small communities and kibbutzim. The closest cities are Haifa to the northwest (8 miles) and Nazareth to the southeast (7 miles).

Kibbutz Harduf was established in 1982 by a group of young families inspired by Anthroposophy, the spiritual philosophy of Dr. Rudolf Steiner.

As part its unique ideology, Harduf has initiated numerous projects over the years in education, special education, mental health, welfare and organic agriculture. These include, among others the first Waldorf School in Israel and Harduf Organic Food Products Ltd. – Israel's largest producer and marketing firm of organic agricultural products.

There are currently about 650 people living in Harduf, of which 170 are children, youth and adults who require special support. These members, residents of the four rehabilitative frameworks within the kibbutz (two of which are Beit Elisha and the Tuvia Community) make up 25% of the kibbutz population and are fully integrated into the kibbutz life.

During your three months with Project TEN you will be working very hard at your volunteer service, Jewish learning, and other responsibilities. Although you will see much of the region through excursions and trips as part of your service learning and your Israel Pathways seminars, you might be interested in additionally touring the region on your own. If you want to arrive in Israel or the Galilee early or stay after Project TEN, and visit the sites on your own time, you are welcome to do so.

In the Jezre’el Valley Regional Council and Environs:

• Tzippori National Park: the fantastic excavated ruins of a Talmudic city. Described by Josephus Flavius as “the ornament of the Galilee,” it was the seat of the Sanhedrin and the home of Rabbi Yehudah HaNassi, who redacted the Mishnah. The partially restored 4,500-seat Roman theater affords a beautiful view and chances to reflect on the age-old clashes and interconnections between Judaism and surrounding cultures. Tzippori’s famed mosaics include the “Mona Lisa of the Galilee,” an evocative fifth-century synagogue floor, and the Nile Mosaic. The visitors’ center hosts tours and activities.
  
  
• Kfar Kedem: a reconstructed village of the Mishnaic era, where you can dress in ancient garb, milk goats, mill flour and use it to bake pitot, crush grapes, and even take home a homing pigeon (to release back to Kfar Kedem, of course).  Tip: Visit Tzippori first to learn about the Mishnaic period, then visit Kfar Kedem to re-live it.
  
  
• Mekorot Eshkol Visitors Center: visit an important aquaduct and learn about Israel’s water systems and supplies, desalination, water recycling, etc.
  
  
• Tenuva Factory: Educational tours of Israel’s largest brand of dairy products
  
  
• Jeep B’Kfar: Jeep tours of the region
  
  
• Efek B’Shetach: Mountain bike tours of the region
  
  
• And a number of farms, wineries, petting zoos, and greenhouses that offer tours

Around the Galilee: A short car trip away is a variety of activities across the beautiful Galilee region, from wineries and horseback riding to water activities at Lake Kinneret and hiking at Mount Gilboa or Mount Tabor. The Israel Trail offers a great way to experience the region on foot. With a car rental or careful bus planning, you can easily enjoy the museums and parks in Haifa, night life in Rosh Pina, the restaurants and historical sites in Tiberias, the spiritual center of Tzfat, or off-the-beaten path camping sites.

Around Israel: From Harduf you can arrange to travel for day trips to the Upper Galilee and Golan, or for overnight trips to  Tel Aviv, or Jerusalem, or head even further south to the Dead Sea, Negev desert, and Eilat.

Climate: Weather in the Lower Galilee is fairly moderate. In March, April, and May, when you will be participating in Project TEN, temperatures range from lows of 12C to highs of 25C (53F - 77F). (During the summer, the temperature can rise to 30C – 86F.) Expect it to rain quite a bit in March, but to be dryer (and very pleasant) in April and May.

Time Zone: All of Israel is in the GMT +2 time zone. Most of the year it is seven hours ahead of New York City.

Currency: Israel uses the New Israeli Shekel (or "shekel," or NIS). One shekel is equivalent to 100 agurot. The value of the shekel fluctuates, but currently one US dollar is equivalent to about 3.8 or 4 NIS. So, when you come across an item to buy, if you divide the cost by 4, you'll get the approximate dollar value.

As examples to help you budget, here are some typical costs of products or services in Israel: A movie costs about 35 NIS; a small cappuccino at a café is about 15 NIS; a slice of pizza is 10-13 NIS; a large whole pizza is 50-60 NIS; a shawarma plus drink is 35-40 NIS; a dozen eggs is about 11 NIS; a small container of cottage cheese is about 6 NIS. The bus to from Harduf to Kiryat Ata costs 24 NIS each way. Entrance to Tzippori National Park is 29 NIS; a day at Kfar Kedem costs about 250-300 NIS per person, depending on which activities you choose.

Electricity Supply: Israel uses 230 volts, 50 cycle AC. We recommend you bring a multi-outlet plug adaptor.

Getting Around: Once you are at Kibbutz Harduf, getting around to other areas of Israel is difficult without a car (except for the excursions arranged by Israel Pathways and Project TEN; transportation will be provided). Kibbutz culture is such that when members “go into town” they will give rides to other people who need one – this is a common and safe way of getting around. There is one bus each morning from Harduf to Kiryat Atta. From there you can continue on to Haifa and connect to other cities.

The Project TEN center in Oaxaca will be located on a coffee or cocoa farm; more details to be announced soon!

Asaf (Amar) Shiran

Director of the Mexico Center

Born in Jerusalem, Asaf, 34, studied Cinema and Education at Sapir College and produced his own experimental movie entitled "You Are Here.” He worked as an assistant cinematographer on dozens of movies, and filmed several documentaries.

To encourage his film staff, Asaf studied Group Guidance and Facilitation at Midreshet Kolot B'Negev, and guided many groups of university students and prisoners. He also worked at youth centers in southern Israel (in Sderot, Netivot, Kiryat-Gat, Arad, and Dimona) guiding special soldiers' pre-discharge workshops, and workshops for local young communities.

Through his work in guidance and facilitation, he also became involved in Education, first as an extra-curricular activities teacher and later as an Open Education teacher for three years, in the northern Negev and at the Shita School in Rechovot.

Asaf is also a Children and Youth Personal Coach and holds a B.Ed. and teaching certificate from The David Yellin Academic College of Education in Experimental Open Education (EOD).

Asaf sees himself as a “people and Torah person,” who is, in the words of Ethics of the Fathers, “happy with his portion.”

"I wear many hats, and the best ones stay on long-term,” he says. “I’m an everlasting student, galactic child, cosmic guide, surfer, dancer, and romantic. A fighter with the light, teacher, dreamer, and none of the above. I'm me. I love to love and be loved."

The Jewish Agency is currently accepting applications for those who wish to join our staff in the new Project TEN center in Oaxaca, Mexico. Available positions include Educational Director, and Project Coordinator. If you are interested in working for Project TEN, send your resume to [email protected] before February 15.

The next Project TEN groups in Oaxaca will take place on the following dates:

• December 9, 2013 - March 4, 2014
• March 10 - June 2, 2014
• June 9 - September 4, 2014
• Summer Track: June 9 - August 10, 2014
• September 11- December 9, 2014

(Dates may change slightly; contact our staff at [email protected] for updates).

Climate: General climate averages in Oaxaca state (source: http://www.oaxaca-travel.com):

• Spring (March-May) – High: 27-31°C, Low: 14-16°C.
•  Summer (June-Aug.) – High: 26-27°C, Low: 15-16°C.
• Autumn (Sept.-Nov.) – High: 26°C, Low: 10-15°C.
•  Winter (Dec.-Feb.) – High: 26-27°C, Low: 8-9°C.

Keep in mind that climate is different at different altitudes, and Oaxaca has many mountainous regions. The areas in Oaxaca State that are closer to the Pacific are hotter and drier than areas that are located inland. Oaxaca City's climate is quite moderate.

Time Zone: UTC/GMC -6. DST starts in April and ends in October.

• From New York: Oaxaca is 1 hour behind New York.
• From Israel: Oaxaca is 8 hours behind Israel.

Dialing codes:

International country code: + 52 (Mexico)
Area code: 951

Currency: Mexican Peso.

100 Pesos = Roughly 7.83 American Dollars / 29.5 Israeli Shekels (updated to 17/12/2012)

Electricity supply: Power output in Oaxaca is of 110 volts and 60 cycles AC (slightly higher than the AC current in the US). The outlets are the same as the US 2-prong ones. Grounded 3-prong outlets exist but they are not common. We recommend you bring a multi-outlet plug adaptor.

Oaxaca City (Full name Oaxaca de Juárez, pronounced Oh-ah-kha-kah de Khu-ah-rez) is the capital of the state of Oaxaca – a state within Mexico that comprises almost 5 percent of the entire country's territory and is home to over 3 million inhabitants. The state is located in the south-west portion of Mexico and is bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the south. Oaxaca City, located about 300 miles (480 km.) south of Mexico City at a very high altitude, has about 250,000 inhabitants. The language spoken in Mexico is Spanish, with different dialects for every region.

Roman Catholics comprise 89 percent of the total population in Mexico. The Jewish population is estimated at 40,000-50 (about 0.04% of the total population, the exact numbers are not known), of which 90 percent reside in the Mexico City area. There is no Jewish community in Oaxaca.

Economic Achievements

The economy of the state of Oaxaca is largely dependent upon tourism. Visitors to the city of Oaxaca and the coastal communities of Huatulco, Puerto Escondido, and Puerto Angel are the most important source of income. The second-largest economic producer in the state is coffee. All over Mexico the government strongly supports the development of coffee agriculture; as of 2011, Mexico is the 9th biggest coffee producer in the world.

Another source of income, also related to tourism, is indigenous artwork. Oaxaca has a very rich cultural heritage and indigenous art takes a prominent role in the cultural life of the state. Art products and merchandise provide income for many inhabitants in the more visited regions.

Economic Challenges

Oaxaca is one of the most underprivileged regions in Mexico. Agriculture (except for coffee agriculture) is underdeveloped and unsuccessful due to the low quality of the soil and the high vulnerability of the region to natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. Underutilization of natural resources and a lack of educational infrastructure in the rural areas of the State of Oaxaca cause substantial migration from these regions to big cities, and different states and countries, to look for work and education. Many people migrate temporarily to Oaxaca City to work there, then send funds to their families in their native town or village.

During your three months with Project TEN you will be working very hard at your volunteer service, Jewish learning, and other responsibilities. However, we know that you might be interested in touring the region. If you want to arrive in Oaxaca early, or stay after Project TEN, and visit the sites on your own time, you are welcome to do so.

• The Historic Center of Oaxaca City, established by the Spanish in the 16th century is a beautiful touristic area. Many well-preserved historical monuments and buildings, well-maintained, clean streets, and pleasant coffee shops and restaurants make the historic center an excellent place to spend a day off.
• Monte Albán, right outside the city of Oaxaca, is a remarkable archeological site and a marvel of human creation. Inhabited over a period of 1,500 years by a succession of peoples – Olmecs, Zapotecs and Mixtecs – the terraces, dams, canals, pyramids, and artificial mounds of Monte Albán were literally carved out of the mountain and are the symbols of a sacred topography.
• The Oaxaca Ethnobotanical Garden (Jardín Etnobotánico de Oaxaca), located in Oaxaca City, is a showcase for Oaxaca's indigenous flora. It was created in the '90s by artists and activists, and it illustrates a unique relationship between plants and culture.
• El Llano Park is one of the main parks in Oaxaca. Until the 1970s, the park was used as a zoo. The park often houses civic and cultural events and exhibitions. It is a beautiful place to have a picnic or spend a nice day.
• Oaxaca Lives in Me ("Oaxaca Vives en Mi") – Held every Saturday at about 6:00PM in San Francisco Park in Oaxaca City, "Oaxaca Lives in Me" is an initiative by a cultural movement called "Antequera" together with the Ministry of Culture and the City Council. This initiative includes opening a space in the city center for local, regional, and national artistic groups of various fields (dance, music, many types of art) to perform and present their shows to all walks of society.
• The Oaxaca Beaches – the southern coast of Oaxaca is a magnificent natural treasure, with white, sandy beaches underlying colorful lagoons of crystal-clear water. Traveling through the southern coast is a beautiful and scenic experience. It is not recommended to travel from Oaxaca City to the beaches by car, because of dilapidated roads that are often damaged due to natural disasters; taking a flight to Huatulco or Perto Escondido is much safer and more convenient.
• Hierve El Agua Waterfall – Located in the central valley area, about 70km from Oaxaca City, Cascadas de Hierve el Agua are two (approx.) 50-meter stone "waterfalls" made of calcium carbonate (the white color of the minerals make it look like a real waterfall). The waterfall form is created by water rich in calcium carbonate that seeps through the mountain to create stalactites. At the base of the falls there are two small carbon springs, which give the illusion that the water is boiling, though the water never exceeds a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius (77 F). At the top of the falls there are artificially created pools that are open for swimming. The area is the home of a large variety of flora and fauna and is a beautiful place to hike. The falls are located on the Roeguía Ranch, which is located 5km from San Lorenzo Albarradas and approximately 70km from Oaxaca City.
• Macedonio Alcala Theater, completed in 1909, is an architectural and artistic masterpiece with a strong Renaissance influence on the outside and a French influence on the inside.

Hello – hola (oh-lah)

Goodbye – adios (ah-di-os)

Please – por favor (por fah-vor)

Thank you – gracias (grah-see-ahs)

You're welcome – de nada (de nah-dah)

Good morning – buenos dias (boo-eh-nos dee-ahs)

Good afternoon – buenos tardes (boo-eh-nos tar-des)

My name is.. – mi nombre es... (mee nom-bre ehs)

I don't know – no sé (no seh)

I'm hungry – tengo hambre (ten-goh ahm-breh)

I'm thirsty – tengo sed (ten-goh sehd)

I need – necesito (neh-seh-see-toh)

Right now – ahora mismo (ah-oh-rah mees-moh)

Just a minute – un momento (oon moh-men-toh)

It's cheap – es barato (ehs bah-rah-toh)

It's expensive – as caro (ahs kah-roh)

It's cold (weather) – hace frio (hah-seh free-oh)

It's hot (weather) – hace calor (hah-seh kah-lor)

A little – un poco (oon po-koh)

A lot – mucho (moo-cho)

Some – unos (male) / unas (female) (oo-nos / oo-nahs)

Tomorrow – mañana (ma-nee-ah-nah)

Morning - la mañana (lah ma-nee-ah-nah)

Afternoon - la tarde (lah tar-deh)

Evening – la noche (lah noh-cheh)

Next week - la semana próxima (lah seh-mah-nah proh-ksee-mah)

Breakfast – desayuno (deh-sah-yoo-noh)

Lunch - almuerzo / comida (ahl-moo-ehr-soh /k-mee-dah)

Dinner – cena (seh-nah)

Bathroom - el baño (ehl bah-nee-oh)

Questions

How are you? – ¿cómo está? (koh-moh ehs-tah)

What is your name – ¿como se llama? (koh-moh yah-mah)

Where is/are..? - ¿donde está/están..? (don-deh ehs-tah/ehs-tahn)

When (what day/date)? - ¿cuando? (koo-ahn-doh)

When (what time)? - ¿ A cuál hora? (ah koo-ahl oh-rah)

Who? - ¿quién? (kee-ehn)

Why? - ¿por qué? (pohr keh)

What? - ¿qué? (keh)

How much does it cost? - ¿cuánto cuesta? or simply ¿cuánto? (koo-ahn-toh koo-ehs-tah)

Can you help me? - ¿Puede ayudarme? (poo-eh-deh ah-hoo-dahr-meh)

For any questions, please write to us at [email protected]

The Project TEN Center in Gondar is situated in a closed compound that holds two buildings, and is patrolled 24/7. Each building contains "apartments" – clean bedrooms, most of which have en suite bathrooms – as well as classrooms, a communal dining room, kitchen, and other spaces. The volunteers will stay in one building, and the staff in the other. The volunteers will board together with 2-4 in each room, and the atmosphere will be kibbutz-style.

The center will employ local staff to help clean and cook. However, it is the volunteers' responsibility to maintain cleanliness in their rooms and other areas, and to prepare Shabbat dinner each week.

The food in all of the centers is kosher-style vegetarian. If you crave meat, you can travel into Gondar and enjoy a restaurant meal at a ridiculously low price. (Note: there are no kosher restaurants.)

The water in Gondar is clean, but we do not recommend drinking it from just any source. Safe water will be provided at the center, and bottled water is available at stores.

Wireless internet is provided for free in the rooms, though we advise against bringing expensive gadgets with you.

Nitai Schendar

Director of the Project TEN Gondar Center

Nitai Schendar, 27, was born in Jerusalem and grew up in its Old City.  He's been working with Ethiopians since he was a teenager; his career includes full-time work at a Jewish Agency absorption center for Ethiopian immigrants to Israel, where he learned about the trials and triumphs of their Aliyah and about Ethiopian culture.

Nitai decided to see the roots of that Aliyah for himself, and traveled and volunteered all over Ethiopia. He lived for long stretches in Addis Ababa, where he worked in the Mother Teresa Mission, and in Gondar's Chechela neighborhood. He has guided tours all over the country and is well-connected with local NGOs and charity organizations that operate there.

Nitai re-joined The Jewish Agency to assist in its management of the Gondar Complex, where thousands of members of the Ethiopian Jewish community receive healthcare, food, and general and Jewish education. He considers his new role as Director of Project TEN in Gondar to be one of his greatest adventures yet.

The next Project TEN groups in Gondar will take place on the following dates:

• November 12, 2013 - February 10, 2014
• February 11 - May 11, 2014
• May 19 - August 27, 2014
• Summer Track I: June 2 - July 30, 2014
• Summer Track II: June 26 - August 27, 2014
• September 10 - December 9, 2014
• December 15, 2014 - March 3, 2015

(Dates may change slightly; contact our staff at [email protected] for updates).

Known in ancient times as Abyssinia, Ethiopia is culturally unique, as it has never been colonized by a European power, and spent many years isolated from external forces. Among the ancient artifacts you can visit from Ethiopia's unbroken chain of cultural history are the enormous Obelisks of Aksum (400 C.E.), the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela (1,200 C.E.) and the Tigray Rock Churches.

Ethiopia boasts some of the most stunning sites on the African continent. There are many places to hike and camp in Ethiopia; this is one country where you can truly get away from power lines and Coca Cola, and spend time in true wilderness, such as at the Nile Gorge or the Simien mountains, whose ruggedly-carved steeples and spires form a UNESCO World Heritage site. Or visit the hot but fascinating Danikal Depression, with its volcanoes and lunar-like landscape. In the Omo Valley, many tribes still live lifestyles untouched by modern technology.

The population of Ethiopia is estimated at around 84 million, of whom more than half are under 20 years old. 

Throughout Ethiopia, more than 80 different languages are spoken by local populations, testifying to the cultural richness here. The main three languages are Amharic (the national language), Tigrigna, and Oromigna. English is spoken widely.

The food and drink of Ethiopia reflects the many different cultures. A typical dish is Wot, a hot spicy stew of meat or vegetables, seasoned with a blend of Berbere (chili powder). It may also be made with Doro (chicken), and is normally served with Injera, the traditional spongy pancake made from a fermented Teff flour batter. The famous honey wine, or Tej, is found all over the country as is Tela, a local beer, and Katikala, distilled liquor.

Ethiopian writing uses unique characters (letters), and the annual holidays and festivals follow a unique calendar. For example, Ethiopian Christmas comes out on January 7.

The Ethiopian Orthodox Christian tradition has been undisturbed here since 300 C.E., and there are many fascinating ancient churches to visit. After Christianity, another main religion in Ethiopia is Islam.

 The following important information was provided by The World Bank (www.worldbank.org), a non-profit organization working to reduce poverty world-wide:

Per-Capita Income

With a population of about 84 million (2012), Ethiopia is the second-most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa, but also the sixth-poorest country in the world, with a 2010 per-capita income of only $390, compared to $1,165 for the Sub-Saharan African average.

Political Context

For much of the 20th century, Ethiopia was ruled by highly centralized governments. The current ruling party (the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) has governed Ethiopia since 1991. Since taking power, the EPRDF has led an ambitious reform effort to initiate a transition to a more democratic system of governance and decentralize authority. This has involved devolving powers and mandates first to regional states, and then to woredas, or district authorities, and kebeles, or village authorities.

Although the formal Ethiopian state structure has been transformed from a highly centralized system to a federal and increasingly decentralized one, a number of challenges remain. The national elections in 2005 and 2010, and the largely uncontested local elections in April 2008, illustrated the fragility of the democratic transition, the dominance of the EPRDF, and the weakened state of the opposition. The May 2010 parliamentary elections resulted in a 99.6 percent victory for the ruling EPRDF and its allies, reducing the opposition from 174 to only two seats in the 547-member lower house.

Development Challenges

The main challenge for Ethiopia is to continue and accelerate the progress made in recent years toward the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and to address the causes of poverty among its population.

Over the past two decades, there has been significant progress in key human development indicators: primary school enrollments have quadrupled, child mortality has been cut in half, and the number of people with access to clean water has more than doubled. More recently, poverty reduction has accelerated. The poverty headcount measured by nationally representative household surveys was 44 percent in 1999/2000, but fell to 39 percent in 2004/05 and further down to 30 percent in 2010/11.

These gains, together with more recent moves to strengthen the fight against malaria and HIV/AIDS, paint a picture of improved well-being in Ethiopia. Notwithstanding the progress in critical aspects of human development, Ethiopia needs considerable investment and improved policies to achieve some of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015, given the country's low starting point.

During your three months with Project TEN you will be working very hard at your volunteer service, Jewish learning, and other responsibilities. However, we know that you might be interested in touring the region. If you want to arrive in Ethiopia early, or stay after Project TEN, and visit the sites on your own time, you are welcome to do so.

• Addis Ababa: The capital of Ethiopia. The Mercato is the largest in Africa. Although the Mercato is no more or less safe than the rest of the city, we recommend taking a day to scope it out without money or cameras – then come back once you know the lay of the land.
• Arba Minch: On the way to Omo Valley, you'll see vast numbers of crocodiles and hippopotami at Lake Chamo.
• Axum: the area where the Ark of the Covenant is reputed to be kept, and the headquarters of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
• Bahir Dar: A large lakeside town with an international airport. Among the sites there are the Blue Nile Falls, and the Market.
• Bale Mountains: in southwest-Ethiopia, enjoy trekking in the Afro-Alpine plateaus.
• Blue Nile Gorge, between Addis Ababa and Bahir Dar, has breathtaking views, waterfalls, and swimming holes.
• Gondar: The palace compound contains several castles built by Ethiopian Emperors 300-400 years ago. The city is also the gateway to the Simien Mountains. While hiking through the mountains – you'll need a guide, as well as an armed guard -- you will find Gelada baboons who will sit beside your path, oblivious to you, as well as fascinating flora and other fauna, and traditional farmers and small settlements.
• Hawassa: the capital of southern Ethiopia is a laid-back, lakeside university town with numerous hotels. Take a boat to see hippopotami.
• Lake Langano: this is the best of the Rift Valley lakes for swimming. There are no towns on the lake, just isolated hotels such as the Sabana Beach Resort.
• Lalibela: Hire a donkey for a day trip up the mountain to see famous rock-hews churches there and enjoy the views.
• Omo Valley: book a guide, and visit one or more of the indigenous tribes.
• Shashemene: The heart of the Rastafari migrated here, and expatriate Jamaicans blend with locals to create a city that is culturally distinct from the rest of Ethiopia. Visit a "pharmacy" and learn about traditional medicine.
• Wenchi Crater Lake: One of the most beautiful places on the planet. For a very low fee you can take a five-hour pony trek. Or make it a two-day trip from Addis Ababa, and stay overnight at Ambo or Wolisso.
• Western Ethiopia Eco-Tourist Route: Starting at Addis Ababa via Ambo, the Wenchi Crater Lake, and Guder falls, this is a route of several hundred kilometers that takes you through Nekemte (with its 18th-century palace and the Wollega Museum), the Didessa Valley (fishing, bird-watching, etc.), Gimbi (organic coffee plantations, traditional gold mining), Kelem (Dhati-Walal National Park), Gambella National Park, and back to Addis Ababa.

We recommend the 2009 edition of The Bradt Guide to Ethiopia; a new edition is also due in 2012.

Until 1948

For more than 2000 years, Ethiopian Jewry, called Falashas or outsiders by their neighbors, maintained their Jewish beliefs and practices in the remote hills of Gondar, away from the regulation of ruling dynasties and dominant religions. With the rising popularity of Christianity in the fourth century, Ethiopian Jews first fled to the mountainous Gondar region in order to escape persecution and forced conversion. In the 10th century, Queen Judith overthrew the Axum dynasty and uprooted Christianity’s hold on the country, ushering in approximately 350 years of peace between Ethiopia’s Jewish, Christian and Muslim citizens. Yet, the Axum dynasty returned to the throne once again in 1270 and set off 400 years of tribal war and bloodshed between the religious factions. In 1624, Jewish forces were defeated by Portuguese-backed Ethiopians and a long period of oppression began as Jewish captives were sold into slavery or forcibly baptized. Their lands were confiscated their writings and religious books were burned, and the practice of any form of Jewish religion was forbidden in Ethiopia.

Over the next couple of hundred years, despite some encounters with explorers and missionaries, Ethiopia’s Jewish community remained fairly isolated. In 1908, the chief rabbis of 45 countries collectively declared their social recognition according to Jewish law (Halacha) of Ethiopian Jewry, due to the work of Professor Jaques Faitlovitch who traveled to Gondar in 1904 and stayed with the local population for 18 months, observing their customs.

Faitlovitch studied Amharic and Tigrinia at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes in Paris under Professor Yosef Halevi, who first visited the Ethiopian Jews in 1867. Upon his return to Europe, Halevi published a Kol Korei, or public proclamation, asking the world Jewish community to save the Ethiopian Jews, or Beta Israel.

Faitlovich perpetuated Halevi’s advocacy and appealed to the European Jewish community for aid to the Jews of Ethiopia. He returned to Ethiopia in 1920 and established a small local school and the community’s first boarding school in Addis Ababa in 1924.

Emigration 1948-1984

When Israel gained its independence in 1948, The Jewish Agency for Israel set out on its pioneering mission to bring Diaspora Jews to Israel. The Jewish Agency sent educational emissaries to Ethiopia to help encourage Aliyah to Israel among local Jews and teach Hebrew and Jewish studies. By 1955, The Jewish Agency had founded several local schools and a teacher’s seminary for the Beta Israel and also began to send small groups of Ethiopian Jews to Israel.

Since the seventeenth century, Jews were not allowed to own land and were treated poorly by their neighbors. By the middle of the twentieth century, the political situation for Jews in Ethiopia had worsened and Jews were blamed as scapegoats for any national misfortune that arose. In 1974, political turmoil left nearly 2,500 Jews dead and 7,000 homeless. By 1977, the situation had become so unbearable that groups of Jews began to flee the country and established refugee camps in Sudan. Soon after their emigration had begun, Jews caught traveling across Ethiopia were charged, imprisoned and tortured. But the exodus continued and the number of Jews living in squalid refugee camps in Sudan quickly rose into the thousands.

After taking office in1977, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin was eager to facilitate the rescue of Ethiopia’s Jews. Israel began selling arms to ruling dictator Colonel Mengitsu in exchange for allowing Ethiopian Jews to leave for Israel. In August and December of 1977, Begin asked Mengitsu to allow 120 Ethiopian Jews to board two Israeli military planes who emptied their weapons cargo in Ethiopia. Mengitsu agreed, setting an important precedent for the mass exodus of Operation Moses.

In the early 1980s, practicing Judaism and teaching Hebrew was strictly forbidden. The government confiscated all Hebrew books, closed all Jewish schools and synagogues and arrested all Jewish students caught speaking to tourists. Ethiopian Jewish community leaders, or Kesim, were routinely harassed by the government, while other Jewish community figures were falsely imprisoned as “Zionist Spies”.

Famine, a constant threat of war, forced conscription at the age of 12, high infant mortality rates, poor health care and terrible living conditions further threatened the survival of Ethiopian Jewry. Diaspora Jews prompted the government of Israel to apply pressure on the Ethiopian government to release Ethiopian Jews and attempt to rescue the thousand of Jews struggling to survive in both Sudan and Ethiopia.

Operation Moses 

During the early 1980’s, Israel had already begun covert operatives to smuggle Ethiopian Jews out of Ethiopia and Sudan into Israel. By the end of 1982, approximately 2,500 Ethiopian Jews had been resettled in Israel and, during 1983, another 1,800 left for Sudan on foot. Israeli agents began to expedite their operations by using Hercules military transport planes that can each hold 200 passengers.

The large number of Jews crossing from Ethiopia into Sudan by foot was enacting a terrible human toll; those who survived the trek arrived at overcrowded refugee camps with substandard conditions. The Israeli Government realized that a large-scale operation was necessary and on November 21st 1984, Operation Moses began. With diplomatic tensions high in Ethiopia, as well as the risk of flying over Arab airspace, the operation was carried out with utmost secrecy by the Jewish Agency. Refugees were bused from the camps directly to a military airport near Khartoum and were airlifted directly to Israel. Within six weeks, between November 21st 1984 and January 5th 1985, The Jewish Agency had successfully brought 7,000 Ethiopian Jews to Israel.

News leaks ended Operation Moses prematurely, as Arab nations pressured the Sudanese government to prevent Ethiopian Jews from reaching Sudanese territory. About 600 Jews were left behind in Sudan and almost 15,000 Jews were left behind in Ethiopia.

In the five years that followed, political obstacles prevented further rescue of Jews from Ethiopia. In 1985, US Vice President George Bush initiated a follow-up mission called Operation Joshua to bring 600 Ethiopian Jews remaining in Sudan to Israel, however negotiations fell on deaf ears. While thousands were fortunate to have escaped during Operation Moses and Operation Joshua, families were separated from each other during the operations. Since children and elderly were the first to be airlifted, approximately 1,600 Ethiopian children became “orphans of circumstance,” separated from their families still in Ethiopia.

Operation Solomon

In November 1989, Ethiopia and Israel reached an agreement that would allow Ethiopian Jews to move to Israel under the context of family reunification.  With diplomatic relations resumed, the Ethiopian government was willing to allow immigration to Israel beyond the original framework of reunification.

Between January 1990 and May 1991, 8,500 Ethiopian Jews were brought to Israel. In May 1991, rebel forces overthrew Mengitsu’s dictatorship and by mid-year claimed control of Ethiopia’s capital city, Addis Ababa. Prospects for retrieving the remaining 14,500 Beta Israel were beginning to look very bleak.

Realizing the need for immediate action, The Jewish Agency and the Israeli Government, under the leadership of Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, initiated what would become one of the quickest and most amazing rescue efforts in history. Beginning on Friday, May 24th, El Al, Israel’s national airline, flew 36 jumbo jets and Hercules military transport planes for 36 hours straight. All of the interior seats were removed to accommodate the maximum number of passengers.

Operation Solomon, named after the king from whom the Beta Israel draw their lineage, ended almost as quickly as it began. Timing was critical since the fickle rebel forces could easily change their minds and use the Beta Israel as bargaining tools for more power with Israel or the United States.

As Jews around the world were preparing for the end of the Sabbath, they were greeted with the amazing news of Operation Solomon: within 36 hours, a total of 14,310 Ethiopian Jews were rescued and resettled in Israel by the Jewish Agency.

The powerful modern exodus of Operation Solomon demonstrated the importance of the Jewish state as the beacon of light for distressed Jews around the world. After thousands of years of exile, Ethiopian Jews had returned to the land of Zion where families who had been separated for a decade were reunited in emotional ceremonies.

Rescue of Jews from Quara

In May 1991, when The Jewish Agency airlifted 14,000 Ethiopian Jews with Operation Solomon, the Quara Jews were left behind. Their province was under rebel control and they could not make their way to Addis Ababa to take part in the exodus. In 1992, about 3,500 Jews living in Upper Quara were brought to Israel, while the 2,500 Jews of Lower Quara were once again left behind because of civil unrest in the area.

In 1999, the war between Ethiopia and Eritrea escalated, which further exacerbated the already desperate situation of the Quara Jews. Since there were no internal flights to Gondar, the Jewish Agency sent buses to bring the Quara Jews to Addis Ababa. Under difficult conditions, including flooding and rough terrain, the Jewish Agency over the course of 37 days, brought 1,388 Quara Jews home to Israel.

Falas Mura – Family Reunification

Following Operation Solomon, small waves of Ethiopian immigrants called Falas Mura continued to immigrate to Israel. Large numbers of these Ethiopian Jews, termed Falashas or outsiders, were convert-ed to Christianity under duress but maintained their Jewish faith and identity. Over the years, the Falas Mura fled persecution and sought refuge at the residential compounds in Addis Ababa and Gondar.

Before Operation Solomon, the Falas Mura were relatively unknown to the Jewish community outside of Ethiopia. When they first tried to board the planes to Israel with other Ethiopian immigrants, their commitment to Judaism was questioned and large numbers were turned away. Viewing themselves as Jews who needed help reconnecting with their faith, the Falas Mura maintained that they were entitled to immigrate to Israel.

Though the issue remained a matter of fierce debate in Israel, the practical side of the dispute – whether or not the Falas Mura had the right to immigrate to Israel – was determined by the Israeli government in 2003: any Ethiopian who could trace maternal connection to Judaism could come to Israel along with their immediate family.

Since 2011: The Role of The Jewish Agency

In 2011, the Government of Israel requested that The Jewish Agency assume responsibility for operations in Gondar, Ethiopia, to facilitate the Aliyah of members of the extended Jewish community there. The Jewish Agency Community Center is the hub for Ethiopians awaiting their flights to Israel.

The Jewish Agency upgraded the physical environment and the program content of what was originally a compound around which members of the extended Jewish community gathered.  The Community Center offers classroom instruction for parents and children; Jewish cultural activities; a synagogue; a mikveh; and a nutrition center, which provides critical food assistance.

The Jewish Agency is investing tremendous effort to provide the members of the extended Jewish community with the skills, educational programming, and support necessary to begin their lives in Israel.

The Gondar Community Center aims to prepare new olim for what they may experience upon their arrival in Israel. Once they have disembarked from their Aliyah flight, the newly-arrived Israeli citizens are brought to one of the 17 Jewish Agency Absorption Centers throughout Israel dedicated to resettling Ethiopian olim. The 24-to-30-month average stay at Jewish Agency Absorption Centers serving Ethiopian olim is recognized as an important window of opportunity to build upon the formal and informal education programs for children and adults offered in Gondar at the Community Center.

The Jewish Agency will bring the remaining members of the extended Jewish community to Israel by October 2013, completing our Aliyah-preparation programming in Gondar. The Community Center in Gondar will cease operations as the last in this historic group make their way to Israel.  The Jewish Agency will then hand over our elementary school to the municipality of Gondar.

Climate and What to Pack: There are two seasons: the dry season prevails from October through May; the wet season runs from June to September.

For volunteering in Gondar during the wet season, pack a raincoat and sturdy, high shoes or boots for stomping around in the mud. Bring light clothing for the spring/summer weather during the day, and some warm clothes for the chilly nights. Note that in Ethiopia it is not customary to wear tight or revealing clothing; we advise you to respect this local custom. You'll also need a hat, insect repellent, and sunblock. It is difficult in Ethiopia to find toiletries such as quality soaps and shampoo, so you are advised to bring your own. The center will provide bed linens and towels. We suggest you leave valuables and sophisticated electronics at home.

Time Zone: Ethiopia is in the GMT + 3 hours time zone, which is one hour ahead of Israel and 8 hours ahead of New York most of the year.

Currency: The local currency is the Ethiopian Birr made up of 100 cents. Tourists may bring in with them any amount of foreign currency, provided you make a declaration of the currency to customs when you arrive. Keep the currency declaration form, since you'll need to present it when you leave the country. Legally, you may exchange foreign currency for Birrs (or vice versa) only at authorized banks and hotels. There is a foreign-currency bank at the airport for changing your excess Birrs when you leave. At banks, you can withdraw money at ATMs using an international Visa or MasterCard.

At the current exchange rates, one US dollar is about 17.5 Birr. Examples of prices in Ethiopia: an average meal at a restaurant in Gondar is about 37 Birr, just over $2; a large bottle of water is about 11 Birr; coffee and a pastry costs about 15 Birr.

Electricity Supply: Ethiopia uses 220 volts, 50 cycles AC. We recommend bringing a multi-outlet plug adaptor.

Tadias! = Hello!
Deh-nah-neh? =   How are you (to a male)
Deh-nah-nesh? = How are you (to a female)
Deh-hay-nah = I am fine
amesegenalew- thank you
Eggs-abh-hair yeest-leeg-nee = may God give you everything you need

For any questions, please write to us at [email protected]